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파일 복사 / 폴더복사
cp /dev/test.html
cp -r /dev/aaa
파일 이름 변경하기
mv /home/user/Files/filename1.ext /home/user/Files/filename2.ext
To run a command as administrator (user "root"), use "sudo <command>".
See "man sudo_root" for details.
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ pwd
/home/lee
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls -al
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 1 lee lee 4096 Jul 17 16:30 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jul 17 16:20 ..
-rw------- 1 lee lee 27 Jul 17 16:30 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 lee lee 220 Jul 17 16:20 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 lee lee 3771 Jul 17 16:20 .bashrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 lee lee 807 Jul 17 16:20 .profile
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ cd ..
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:/home$ ls -l
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 lee lee 4096 Jul 17 16:30 lee
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:/home$ cd lee
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ pwd
/home/lee
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ mkdir
mkdir: missing operand
Try 'mkdir --help' for more information.
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ mkdir hello_linux
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls -l
total 0
drwxrwxrwx 1 lee lee 4096 Jul 19 09:17 hello_linux
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ cd hello_linux/
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~/hello_linux$ cd /
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:/$ ls -l
total 88
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jul 17 16:06 bin
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 21 23:42 boot
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jul 19 09:11 dev
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jul 17 16:20 etc
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jul 17 16:20 home
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 87944 Jan 1 1970 init
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 21 23:41 lib
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 21 23:39 lib64
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 21 23:39 media
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jul 17 16:06 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 21 23:39 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 9 root root 0 Jul 19 09:11 proc
drwx------ 1 root root 4096 May 21 23:42 root
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Jul 19 09:11 run
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 21 23:42 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 21 18:55 snap
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 21 23:39 srv
dr-xr-xr-x 12 root root 0 Jul 19 09:11 sys
drwxrwxrwt 1 root root 4096 Jul 19 09:19 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 21 23:39 usr
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 May 21 23:42 var
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:/$ cd /home /lee
-bash: cd: too many arguments
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:/$ cd/home/lee
-bash: cd/home/lee: No such file or directory
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:/$ cd /home/lee
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ touch empty_file.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 0 Jul 19 09:22 empty_file.txt
drwxrwxrwx 1 lee lee 4096 Jul 19 09:17 hello_linux
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of
1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information);
with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default
if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
-d, --directory list directories themselves, not their contents
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append '*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files;
can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l and/or -s, print human readable sizes
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--hyperlink[=WHEN] hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always'
(default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k, --kibibytes default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print entry names without quoting
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of nongraphic characters
--show-control-chars show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always,
shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size, largest first
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of default
modification time: atime or access or use (-u);
ctime or status (-c); also use specified time
as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT;
FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'; if FORMAT
is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies
to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time, newest first
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
with -l: show access time and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by access time, newest first
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS set output width to COLS. 0 means no limit
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-Z, --context print any security context of each file
-1 list one file per line. Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
Full documentation at: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ rm empty_file.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls
hello_linux
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ rm -r hello_linux
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ touch cp.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 0 Jul 19 09:29 cp.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ mkdir cpdir
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 0 Jul 19 09:29 cp.txt
drwxrwxrwx 1 lee lee 4096 Jul 19 09:30 cpdir
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ cp cp.txt /home/lee/cpdir/cp.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 0 Jul 19 09:29 cp.txt
drwxrwxrwx 1 lee lee 4096 Jul 19 09:31 cpdir
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ cd cpdir
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~/cpdir$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 0 Jul 19 09:31 cp.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~/cpdir$ cd ..
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ rm cp.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ mv /home/lee/cpdir/cp.txt cp.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 0 Jul 19 09:31 cp.txt
drwxrwxrwx 1 lee lee 4096 Jul 19 09:36 cpdir
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ cd cpdir/
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~/cpdir$ ls -l
total 0
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~/cpdir$ cd..
cd..: command not found
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~/cpdir$
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~/cpdir$ cd ..
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ touch name.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ rename name.txt name2.txt
Command 'rename' not found, but can be installed with:
sudo apt install rename
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ mv name.txt name2.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 0 Jul 19 09:31 cp.txt
drwxrwxrwx 1 lee lee 4096 Jul 19 09:36 cpdir
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 0 Jul 19 09:42 name2.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ apt-get install git
E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock-frontend - open (13: Permission denied)
E: Unable to acquire the dpkg frontend lock (/var/lib/dpkg/lock-frontend), are you root?
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ sudo apt-get install git
[sudo] password for lee:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
git is already the newest version (1:2.17.1-1ubuntu0.4).
git set to manually installed.
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
libfreetype6
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ nano
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls - l
ls: cannot access '-': No such file or directory
ls: cannot access 'l': No such file or directory
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 0 Jul 19 09:31 cp.txt
drwxrwxrwx 1 lee lee 4096 Jul 19 09:36 cpdir
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 15 Jul 19 10:10 hello.html
-rw-rw-rw- 1 lee lee 0 Jul 19 09:42 name2.txt
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ cat hello.html
<html>
</html>
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ nano hello.html
Use "fg" to return to nano.
[1]+ Stopped nano hello.html
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ nano hello.html
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ cat hello.html
<html>
<body>
nano
hello
hello
</body>
</html>
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ apt-get update
Reading package lists... Done
E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/apt/lists/lock - open (13: Permission denied)
E: Unable to lock directory /var/lib/apt/lists/
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/cache/apt/pkgcache.bin - RemoveCaches (13: Permission denied)
W: Problem unlinking the file /var/cache/apt/srcpkgcache.bin - RemoveCaches (13: Permission denied)
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ sudo apt-get updatelee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ sudo apt-cache search htop
htop - interactive processes viewer
aha - ANSI color to HTML converter
libauthen-oath-perl - Perl module for OATH One Time Passwords
pftools - build and search protein and DNA generalized profiles
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ sudo apt-get install htop
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
htop is already the newest version (2.1.0-3).
htop set to manually installed.
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
libfreetype6
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 87 not upgraded.
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ htop
lee@DESKTOP-LQUFETQ:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade728x90
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